Ingredients

A vitamin A derivative widely studied for photoaging, fine lines, and acne. One of the most evidence-backed topical ingredients.

Prescription-strength retinoic acid. The most studied retinoid for acne and photoaging. Requires professional guidance.

One conversion step from retinoic acid. Studied for efficacy comparable to tretinoin with potentially lower irritation.

Vitamin B3 derivative with a broad evidence base for barrier support, oiliness, hyperpigmentation, and anti-inflammatory effects.

A potent antioxidant studied for brightening, collagen synthesis support, and photoaging. Formulation stability is a key challenge.

A beta-hydroxy acid (BHA) lipid-soluble exfoliant. Widely studied for acne and comedonal skin.

Studied for acne, rosacea-prone skin, and hyperpigmentation. Available in prescription and OTC strengths.

The most studied alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Used for exfoliation, texture, and photoaging.

A gentler AHA with exfoliating and humectant properties. May be better tolerated than glycolic acid for sensitive skin types.

A glycosaminoglycan humectant. Widely used for hydration. Evidence is strong for surface hydration effects.

Lipid molecules naturally found in the skin barrier. Topical ceramides are studied for barrier repair and dry/sensitive skin.

Short chains of amino acids. A diverse category with varied evidence depending on the specific peptide and claim.

An antimicrobial ingredient with strong evidence for acne. Can cause dryness and bleaching.

A soothing and moisturizing ingredient. Studied for wound healing support and skin barrier function.

A naturally-derived compound studied for protective effects against environmental stressors and inflammation. Emerging ingredient.

A plant-derived ingredient studied as a gentler alternative to retinol for photoaging. Limited but promising human data.